The Methodology of Making Science Works

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

Introduction

The definition of Science works is a scientific essay that presents facts and is written according to a good and correct writing methodology. Science essays must be written honestly and accurately without remembering the consequences. Truth in scientific essays is objective and positive truth, according to data and facts in the field, not normative truth. Such scientific work is preceded by library research and field research. To compile a scientific work requires technical guidance, as will be published in this Article.

There are several types of scientific essays that are commonly written, such as Papers, Articles, Working Papers, Thesis, Thesis and Dissertation.

Definition

Papers

Papers are written works containing thoughts on a particular problem or topic that are written systematically and coherently, accompanied by logical and objective analysis. A short paper should have a maximum of 20 pages, while the rest is a long paper category.

Working Paper

Working papers are Scientific works that present something based on data in the field that is Empirical-Objective. Analysis in working papers is more serious than analysis in Papers. Working papers are usually written to be submitted in a Seminar or Workshop.

Articles 

Scientific articles are written works that are published in journals or book collections of articles.


Thesis I
Thesis is a written scientific work compiled by a student of a Bachelor program (S1) from the results of research on the basis of primary data analysis (field observations) or secondary analysis (observations of existing data or literature) with a thickness of between 50 and 100 pages.


Thesis II
A thesis is a written scientific work compiled by a graduate student (S2) from the results of research and problem identification on the basis of theories derived from a number of tested hypotheses. The issues raised are of a developmental nature and can contribute to Science.


Dissertation
The dissertation is a Scientific work which presents an argument that can be proven by the Author based on correct data and facts with certain analysis. This argument was asked or refuted by the Examiner / Senate Professor at a College. This dissertation contains the author's own findings which are original. If this original can be defended by the author from the examiners' arguments, the Author has the right to hold a Doctorate.

The Methodology of Making Science Works

Seven Kinds of Ilmiyah (Science) Attitudes

Curiosity
The author is expected to always ask about various things, why is that ?, what are the elements ?, How about replacing them with other components and so on.

Critical attitude
This critical attitude is realized by seeking as much information as possible, either by asking anyone who is thought to know the problem or by reading before determining what opinion to write about.

Open attitude
The author is always willing to listen to other people's statements and arguments.

Objective attitude
The author is expected to state what it is without goals that do not lead to the truth, intimidation and so on.

An attitude of respect for the work of others 
This attitude is manifested by quoting and expressing gratitude for the writings of others and considering them as original compositions belonging to the Author.

Courage to defend the truth
This attitude is realized by defending the facts on the results of his research.

Attitude to reach forward 
This attitude is evidenced by the fusturistic nature, namely having far-sightedness, being able to make hypotheses and prove them, and even able to formulate new theories. These seven attitudes were conveyed by Brotowijoyo (1985: 33--34), quoted by E. Zainal Arifin in his book Basics of Written Ilmiyah (2003: 4--5).

Purpose 

Compiling scientific works can be grouped into 3 (three) groups;

1. To fulfill the requirements of a Bachelor, either a Thesis for Undergraduate (S1), a Thesis for a Strata Two (S2) or a Dissertation for a Strata Three (S3) has the following objectives; To assess the student's ability to identify and solve problems scientifically To evaluate the research methodology skills of students.

2. Scientific works delivered in a seminar, such as Papers and Work Paper, are emphasized to be able to answer or provide solutions to problems that are made into topics.

3. Scientific works published in problem journals, such as articles to express opinions or perceptions of problems that arise.


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Characteristics of Research 

Because Thesis, Thesis and Dissertation are prepared based on field research, students need to understand the characteristics of research, according to John W. Best (1982: 18-20) Research work has the following characteristics;

• Research is directed at finding answers to a problem 
• Research focuses on developing ways of making generalizations, principles or theories that will assist in making predictions about future events.
• Research is based on experiences from observations (careful observation / observation) or Empirical events (real experience not theory). 
• Research requires accurate observations and descriptions.
• Research aims to collect new data from primary sources or use existing data for new purposes. 
• Research requires expertise. 
• Although research activities are once upon a time based on an unsystematic sample, they are often characterized by procedures that refer to careful measures and use precise analysis.
• Research emphasizes logic and objectivity, and uses every possibility to test the validity of the procedures used, collect data and reach conclusions.
• Research should be carefully recorded and reported on. 
• Research is characterized by the existence of activities that require patience. 
• Research sometimes takes courage and determination.

The Methodology of Making Science Works

Stages of research activities

Thesis, Thesis and Dissertation are written based on research results. In a research activity, there are several stages that are passed from beginning to end. One stage of the activity cannot be started until the other stages are completed. According to several authors, including; Cruchill 1979; Boyd Westfal 1964; Davis Cosenza 1993 They argue that the stages of the research activity include;

1. Recognizing a phenomenon or problem that occurs in the vicinity 
2. Undertaking exploratory studies (survey investigations) 
3. Formulate research problems and hypotheses 
4. Determine research design and determine sources of information
5. Develop research instruments and determine data
6. collection methods Determine the sample size and determine the sampling technique 
7. Collecting data in the field 
8. Doing editing, coding (adjusting to formulas) and tabulating work (arranging according to existing lines or presenting data in table form) 
9. Analyze and interpret (disseminate) data 
10. Prepare a research report.

Criteria for good research

In order to obtain a good result, a researcher needs to pay attention to the following matters;

1. Research objectives or problems must be clearly defined and sharply limited so as not to cause multiple meanings
2. The research procedure used must be described in sufficient detail, allowing other researchers to repeat it
3. Research design must be planned carefully in order to get the most objective results possible
4. Researchers must report the results of the research completely and honestly and point out any shortcomings of the research design used and how they affect data collection
5. The analytical method used must be an appropriate method and data analysis must be made sufficiently adequate to demonstrate its significance
6. Conclusions should be limited to the data obtained (available data) and the data analyzed only
7. Greater trust is obtained if the Researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in research and has high integrity.

(Emory, 1980; Salamah Wahyuni ​​1993)

The time required and the preparation activity schedule

The time required for the preparation of scientific essays varies depending on the extent or narrowness of the issues discussed and raised or the depth of discussion, for simple problem essays such as papers or working papers with a thickness of less than fifteen (15) pages, it only takes about two ( 2) months, but for a broad and in-depth scientific essay, such as a thesis, it will take six (6) to twelve (12) months. Even for the preparation of a thesis and dissertation, it takes even longer. In order for the compilation of scientific essays to be completed at the time determined by the supervisor or college who gave the assignment, compilers must have courage, patience and tenacity and have high work discipline, for this purpose, compilers should make an activity schedule. The following is an example of an Activity Schedule that takes nine (9) months;

No.	Activities	The month
01.	Preparation	I
02.	Data collection	II --- IV
03.	Organizing	V
04.	Examination	VI --- VII
05.	Typing / Serving	VIII

Ilmiyah (Science) Compilers must strictly adhere to the schedule of these activities.

The Methodology of Making Science Works

CHAPTER II: RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Introduction 

Before realizing research whose results will be arranged in the form of a Thesis, Thesis or Dissertation, Students must make a research proposal

Sequence of Research Proposals 

Regarding the order of contents of the research proposals of scientists, there has not been found agreement, but here, taking from the "uniformity of research proposal format", the research proposal should contain the following matters;

Research Title
Thesis, Thesis and Dissertation titles should be short enough, easy to understand and reflect the core of the problem to be researched. If necessary, the name, place and time of research can also be mentioned (for example, the name of the company, the research area and the method of observation time).

Background Problems / Thought Dadar 
Should put forward the reasons that encourage the problem to be done. Every research must be based on actual problems that really need solving. The background of the emergence of the problem needs to be described clearly and as far as possible supported by other empirical evidence that the problem does exist and has not been completely resolved. Next, give a little description that the problem needs to be answered immediately. The Methodology of Making Scientific Works.

Problem Formulation
Problems that will be resolved through the proposed research can be formulated in the form of firm and clear question sentences to increase the sharpness of the formulation. The formulation of the problem should be; made quite short in the form of a complete interrogative sentence shows the core of the problem to be studied and have clearly demonstrated the types of variables (different) in the research. In principle, the problem to be solved must be sufficiently limited in scope so that it is possible to take conclusions and definitions. The problem should be interesting enough to be researched, valuable enough to be researched, available or empirical data can be searched for and there is the ability to carry out the research.

Research Objectives
The main result of the research is data that has been compiled through research activities. The purposes contained in the research activity, both main and additional, must be stated (the point is to find answers to research). The data collected and analyzed supports the answers to the questions raised in the formulation of the problem, while the structured concept is a verbal form (orally) of the answers to these questions, plus relevant ideas from the Researcher. Between the formulation of the research problem and the research objectives there must be harmony.

Research Benefits
Principally, every research result must be useful as a support for decision-making practice in the broadest sense (practical benefit) or useful for the development of science (theoretical benefit). Formulate the benefits of the research, if the research objectives can be achieved.

Literature Review 
Contains a review (review) of the literature that is relevant to the problem to be studied. Can be in the form of excerpts of library material related to law, theory or principles that are relevant to the effort to answer the problem to be investigated. It is added with excerpts of the results of similar studies that have been conducted by other researchers at the previous time and it is shown that the research carried out is different in certain aspects. The number of library sources used should be sufficient and the library sources up to date and original, such as scientific journals.

Framework
The framework contains the Researcher's way of thinking in answering research problems. All research activities, starting from planning, implementing to solving them, must form a single unit / framework that is intact, leading to a single goal, which is to provide answers to the questions raised in the formulation of the problem. This framework is expressed in the form of a schema that contains the main elements of the research or research variables and the direction of the relationship between the main elements of the research or the research variables. Of the research variables, it must be stated which are the independent variables, the dependent variable or the intermediate variable and given the definition of each. Estimated relationships between these various variables should be explained by presenting laws, theories or empirical data from previous research that can be used as the basis for estimating the relationship. If necessary, the assumptions that underlie the estimation of the relationship between these variables are stated.

Hypothesis
Explanatory studies or non-exploratory studies aim at examining the truth of the Hypothesis. Hypotheses are temporary answers or theoretical answers to research problems or in the form of temporary questions about the influence or relationship between two or more variables. This hypothesis must be able to be verified through the collection and analysis of empirical data. In a research hypothesis has the role of providing a clear objective for the research, assisting in determining the direction that should be taken in limiting the scope of the research by selecting data (facts) that must be the subject of attention and determining relevant data (facts). The hypothesis can be extracted from three (3) sources, namely;

1. The theory is there
2. The results of previous research
3. Experiences, observations and expectations of the researchers themselves.

Preparation of a good hypothesis should meet the following requirements;

1. Arranged in a declarative sentence (short and clear) 
2. Arranged in simple, clear and concise sentences Formulated before 
3. Empirical data is collected 
4. Empirically testable 
5. State the influence or relationship between two or more variables (for the Relational Hypothesis) 
6. Shown how the effect or relationship between these variables is tested (shown the testing procedure Not much need for Assumptions. 
7. The preparation of these hypotheses can be preceded by basic assumptions or assumptions in the form of statements whose truth does not need to be proven anymore. For explorative research types or descriptive types of research, the preparation of a hippesis is not a must (no or no hypothesis is needed).

The Methodology of Making Science Works

Research Methods
The elements of the research method include the following descriptions;

• The scope of research

Basically, research can be carried out by complete enumeration, sample survey or case study. Each has its own limits for drawing conclusions in the sample survey, the results of sample measurements will be generalized to the population, while in case studies the conclusions only apply to the case and are not justified in drawing conclusions outside the case (wider scope)

• Population, Sample and Sampling (plagiarism). 

In sample survey research, the research population should be stated or defined and a description of its characteristics, the size of the sample to be taken and how the sample is drawn (sampling technique). The explanation of the sampling technique clearly will facilitate the assessment of the representativeness of the research results.

• Research variable 

The identification of research variables has been written in the framework of thought (schema form). The research classification into independent variables, dependent variables or intermediate variables is also stated in the framework of thought. Each of these variables should be defined with a clear definition (operational definition of the research variable). If there are qualitative variables, clearly state the indicators (dimensions) that will be used to measure them, as well as the measurement techniques for the quantitative variables. The definition of the research variables will lead to what data is needed to solve the problem.

• Data source 

After the data you want to look for is presented, then state the source of the data, namely where the data can be obtained (primary or secondary data). Who is the respondent should be explained. Respondent identification needs to be made first, as well as identification of the population and sample, if using secondary data, what secondary data should be mentioned? and obtained from where.

• Research Instruments 

It is advisable to state the types of data collection instruments that are planned to be used for data collection (eg questionnaires, interviews, etc.). Next, explain how to validate (instrument testing).

• The data collection technique (questionnaire) should then be operated using certain techniques, for example face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, questionnaires sent by post. This communication technique can be equipped with the method of observation (careful observation). Guided interviews with a list of questions that have been compiled are called Structured Interviews. 

• Data Analyzing Technique 

After the data has been collected, edited, clarified and tabulated (arranged like a table so that it is easy to evaluate), then the data analysis stage begins with certain techniques. Non-statistical analysis can be used (such as table analysis, Linear Programming analysis, Input-Output Ratio analysis) or statistical analysis (such as index number analysis and Time Series analysis). The selection of further statistical analysis is based on the count of the independent variables, the number of dependent variables, the measurement scale of each variable and the assumptions or requirements of the analysis (such as normality and independence). The selection of a statistical technique must be accompanied by a statistical test procedure and the testing criteria.

Schedule of Research Activities.
It is advisable to state the types of activities planned along with the timetable (starting from the earliest activity to the preparation of the report). These activities are for example; preparation of research project proposals preparation of research instruments (questionnaire preparation of permits field preparation sample determination data collection data analysis preparation of draft reports review of concepts, validation and finalization of reports production report The research activity schedule can be arranged in the form of a chart, namely information in the form of several short upward lines.

Systematic Research Report Writing.
Contains a brief explanation (verbal form) of the chapters of the research report (Thesis) which will be compiled later.

Bibliography
Reference material should be used directly to formulate the research project proposal. The library material should be relevant to the research problem, the amount is sufficient, try to get the latest and original literature such as scientific journals. Compile the bibliography with the writing system as is commonly used in bibliographic writing, for example as in the sub-appendix below;

Attachment (if any).
Reports or Appendices or additions (if any) contain information or information needed in conducting research, for example a list of questions that only complement the research proposal. Drs. Juwanto Ps. quoting Masri Singaribu's opinion in the book "practice guidelines for making research suggestions"; namely there are several weaknesses that are often encountered in the preparation of research proposals, these weaknesses include;

• Title is too long and unclear. Sometimes the title does not reflect what is stated in the body of the research proposal. The title should be short, but clearly formulate the main content of the research. 
• Less able to choose an interesting title or topic. The title or topic submitted is outdated and feels that the person concerned is not following developments in his field. 
• The concepts are not clear or there are errors in the formulation of the main concepts. The research plan lacks focus, for example, labor issues spread to the status of women, then spread to poverty. This actually takes two or three studies. 
• Tendency to choose a wide geographic area, for example three regions that are geographically different even though the number of respondents is small. There is less awareness of the problems faced in future data analysis. 
• Too general in nature and not related to existing theories. 
• The relevant decisions have not been read and have not been digested.

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Table of contents of research proposals

1. The table of contents of the research proposal should consist of; 
2. Research Title Background 
3. Formulation of the problem 
4. Research purposes 
5. Benefits of Research 
6. Literature review 
7. Framework 
8. Hypothesis 

With three sources;
a. The theories that have existed
b. The results of research that has been done
c. Experiences, observations and expectations of the Researchers themselves

Hypothesis Requirements;

• compiled in simple, clear and concise 
• sentences arranged in declarative
• sentences formulated before the Empirical 
• data is collected can be tested
• empirically states the effect or relationship between two or more variables (for the Rational Hypothesis).
• shown how the influence or relationship between these variables is tested. 
• does not require many assumptions. 

Research Methods With the following elements ;
a. the scope of research
b. population, sample and sampling
c. research variable
d. data source
e. research instrument
f. data collection techniques
g. data analysis techniques

Schedule of research activities
Systematics of Writing Research Reports
Bibliography
Attachments (if any).

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The Methodology of Making Science Works

CHAPTER III : FORMAT OF RESEARCH

REPORT Research reports require a specific format, many authors suggest a similar format. The following will convey the conclusions of several opinions about alternatives that can be taken and selected.

Initial Section

1. Abstract 
2. Title page 
3. The acceptance page by the Thesis Advisor (can be added with endorsement by the Head of the Department and the Dean of the Faculty). 
4. The acceptance page by the Testing Team (if needed) 
5. Motto page or offering word (if required) 
6. Foreword page 
7. Table of Contents page
8. List of Tables page 
9. List of images page (if any) 
10. Attachment List Page (if any).  

Body Parts of the Report
Alternative I
Chapter I : INTRODUCTION
A. Background
B. Problem Formulation
C. Research Objectives
D. Benefits of Research
E. Literature Review
F. Framework
G. Hypothesis
H. Research Methods
I. Report Systematics

Chapter I : General description of the research object
Chapter III : Data analysis and discussion Chapter
IV. Conclusions and recommendations

Alternative II
Chapter I : INTRODUCTION
A. Background
B. Problem Formulation
C. Hypothesis
D. Benefits of Research
E. Report Systematics

Chapter II. Literature Review
Chapter III. Research methods
Chapter IV. Data analysis and discussion
Chapter V. Conclusions and suggestions

Alternative III
Chapter I : INTRODUCTION
A. Background
B. Problem Formulation
C. Research Objectives
D. Benefits of Research
E. Framework
F. Hypothesis
G. Research Methods
H. Report Systematics

Chapter II : Literature Review
Chapter III : General description of the research object
Chapter IV : Data analysis and discussion
Chapter V : Conclusions and suggestions.

Alternative IV
Chapter I : INTRODUCTION
A. Background
B. Problem Formulation
C. Research Objectives
D. Benefits of Research
E. Framework
F. Hypothesis
G. Report Systematics

Chapter II : Literature Review
Chapter III : Research methods
Chapter IV : General description of the research object
Chapter V : Data analysis and discussion
Chapter VI : Conclusions and recommendations

Alternative V
Chapter I : INTRODUCTION
A. Background
B. Problem Formulation
C. Research Objectives
D. Benefits of Research
E. Literature Review
F. Framework
G. Hypothesis

Chapter II : Research methods
Chapter III : Systematics of Writing Research Reports.
Chapter IV : Bibliography

Final Part

1. Library Data 
2. Attachments | Appendix (if any) 
3. Index List (if any). 

Closing 

The following is an example of a discussion on the title of scientific writing and research objects that are popular on bloggers that need to be considered; 

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